They also wanted not the opportunities to learn the art from neighboring tribes. It seems more probable that certain dominant factors in their lives exercised a selective influence over the many cultural traits offered at home and abroad, thus producing a culture well adapted to the place and to the time.
Collection: Wissler, Clark. Smithsonian Institution, New York. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. By , approximately 70 per cent of Indigenous people in Canada were associated with some church denomination. Indigenous leaders made efforts to establish provincial organizations through which they could articulate their social and economic needs.
Starting in the s, organizations like the League of Indians in Western Canada — formed in at Green Lake, Saskatchewan — struggled against government harassment and apathy among their own people, slowly beginning to lift the oppressive paternalism of government policy. See also Indian. After the Second World War , the activities of such Indigenous-led organizations began to increase, forcing the federal government to take notice. On reserves , various economic programs have been initiated and the government has increasingly transferred administrative responsibilities to elected chiefs and tribal councils.
The Indian Act was partially amended in , and later in , to remove some outdated and discriminatory practices, and Indigenous people were granted the right to vote in federal elections in See also Indigenous Suffrage in Canada. Indigenous activism for the right to self-determination has steadily grown on the Plains, with movements achieving increasing levels of success.
Organizations like the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre now the Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College now First Nations University of Canada and many other organizations continue to advocate for the revitalization of Indigenous rights , culture and education.
In addition, many nations are exercising political and economic self-determination, like the Whitecap Dakota First Nation near Saskatoon , which owns and operates a golf course, a casino and many other profitable businesses on its territory. From Library and Archives Canada. Par Historica Canada. Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge The website for the Canadian Aboriginal Writing and Arts Challenge, which features Canada's largest essay writing competition for Aboriginal youth ages and a companion program for those who prefer to work through painting, drawing and photography.
See their guidelines, teacher resources, profiles of winners, and more. From Historica Canada. Blackfoot See a profile of current Blackfoot language use in North America. From Ethnologue, a reference source about known living languages. Search The Canadian Encyclopedia. Remember me. I forgot my password. Why sign up? Create Account. Suggest an Edit. Enter your suggested edit s to this article in the form field below. Accessed 14 January Plains Indigenous Peoples in Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia.
Historica Canada. Article published February 22, ; Last Edited March 28, The Canadian Encyclopedia. Thank you for your submission Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Article by Ted J. There has, indeed, been great success: the University of Oklahoma was national champion in , , , , , and , the University of Nebraska—Lincoln won the honor in , , , , and shared , and the University of Colorado was the nation's best college team in shared.
Eleven Heisman Trophy winners have rushed and passed their ways out of Plains universities. Stadiums are consistently filled on game days. Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska, temporarily becomes the state's third largest population concentration when the Cornhuskers are playing at home. Iconography abounds as supporters don their team's colors, and team flags proclaim allegiance up and down the block.
Stores, restaurants, and bars do more business than the rest of the week combined. Universities do well too: the football coach is often the highest paid employee, and successful teams like Nebraska have athletic department budgets garnered from merchandise sales, concessions, television contracts, and game receipts that small countries might well envy. The heart of Plains football, however, beats fastest in the innumerable small towns that punctuate the region's sparsely populated spaces.
Local high school teams are emblems of community pride. Their successes are proclaimed on the sign that greets the visitor to the town Class C State Champions, , and their failures are lamented in taverns and coffee shops. Within the Great Plains, there is no more important high school football tradition than in Texas and Oklahoma.
Sports geographer John Rooney has proven, quantitatively, that the Southern Great Plains is one of the two most important areas of high school football in the United States, producing more players for the college game than any others. The other region is the northern Appalachians of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, significantly, an early source for many migrants to the Texas and Oklahoma oil fields.
The counties centered on the Texas oil towns of Midland and Odessa, the Texas Panhandle, and a broad zone reaching from about Abilene, Texas, into western Oklahoma turn out approximately four times as many college football players per capita than the national average.
Rugged individualism, the lack of alternative outlets for achievement, deep-rooted traditions, and strong community support are some of the reasons for this preeminence. In some small towns in Texas, more than 50 percent of the males try out for the football team, and stadium capacities often exceed the communities' populations.
There is a dark side to this, however. Enthusiasm crosses over into fanaticism, performance in the classroom becomes less important than performance on the field, and people's lives are collapsed into football, which is, after all, only a game.
Rodeo is also more prominent in the Great Plains than in other Canadian and American regions. The sport emerged from the Plains open range cattle era and remains closely connected to ranching. The first "cowboy tournaments" "rodeo," from the Spanish rodear, which means "to encircle," was not used until the early twentieth century took place on the range in the s, as practical skills of roping and riding were displayed in competitions between different outfits.
The contests evolved, attracted spectators, and moved from the range to towns. Early competitions were often associated with Wild West shows, which featured bucking, roping, and steer-wrestling competitions. Cheyenne Frontier Days, first held in and held annually since that time , initially combined these rodeo contests with Wild West activities such as sham battles and stagecoach holdups.
As rodeo evolved, its procedures were formalized, and professional governing bodies were organized. The Canadian Rodeo Association was organized in In the Rodeo Association of America began naming an all-around champion based on performances in bareback riding, bull riding, calf roping, saddle bronc riding, and steer wrestling.
These events remain standard in any rodeo, regardless of location. Barrel racing is included in some rodeos but often as a side event: in the predominantly male world of competitive rodeo, this is the only event that women and girls are allowed to enter. Women as rodeo queens, do, however, play important roles in rodeos, especially in promoting the event. There are separate women's rodeos, sponsored by the Women's Professional Rodeo Association of Blanchard, Oklahoma, and the greatest of all women rodeo stars, Barbara Tad Lucas, is from the Plains.
There is also a junior circuit, with another Plains organization, the Little Britches Rodeo Association of Colorado Springs, a major sponsor. The primacy of the Great Plains region in this sport is further confirmed by the location of the headquarters of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association in Colorado Springs and the Canadian Rodeo Association in Calgary. The prestigious rodeos such as Cheyenne Frontier Days and the Calgary Stampede are major economic and cultural events.
So ingrained is cowboy culture in the thoroughly modern city of Calgary that when a new indoor sports arena was constructed for the Winter Olympics it was named the Saddledome, and the roof was shaped accordingly. But, like high school football, the foundations of rodeo are local. In hundreds of communities from spring to fall, at fairs and carnivals, at colleges and impromptu affairs, the cowboy heritage of the Great Plains is celebrated in human-animal competitions, reinforcing the regional sense of rugged individualism.
Hunting, of course, also harks back to the region's recent frontier past, to a time when relations with nature were adversarial. Hunting for food may not be the necessity that it once was, but there is no denying that hunting retains its elemental role in Plains life.
In every one of the Plains states, adults hunt, fish, and participate in other wildlife-associated recreation to a degree well above the national average. In North Dakota, for example, in 45 percent of the adult population hunted, fished, or engaged in such "nonconsumptive" activities as wildlife observation and activity.
Some of this income is applied to wildlife preservation. However, only 18 percent of North Dakotans hunt exclusively. In fact, there is concern in Plains states that hunting is a dying tradition.
Although more women are hunting, the total number of hunters has been falling in recent years. Young people are not joining the ranks of hunters as much as in the past, despite efforts by states, through hunter education courses, to encourage them to do so. Opposition groups such as the Fund for Animals may be partly responsible for the decline of hunting.
No one took up the offer, but it does underscore the serious nature of activism against hunting. Other societal trends such as urbanization and multiple jobs, which reduce leisure time, may also be causes of the decline of participation in hunting. Hunting and fishing are also controversial in other ways in the Great Plains. The landmark case Montana v. United States, which was decided by the Supreme Court in , concerned the right of the Crow tribe to regulate hunting and fishing on lands within its reservation owned by non-Indians.
The Court agreed that the Crows have the right to regulate non-Indian hunting on Indian lands on the reservation but denied that they have the right to regulate non-Indian hunting on non-Indian lands unless hunting threatened the tribe's political or economic security. Reservations up and down the Plains are patchworks of Indian and non-Indian lands, so hunting and fishing on reservations becomes a complicated matter, both practically and legally, involving contentious issues of sovereignty between tribes and states.
There is ample opportunity for Great Plains residents and visitors to enjoy the physical environment and cultural heritage of the region in lands set aside expressly for that purpose. Innumerable state parks, many of them the product of the Civilian Conservation Corps in the s, are scattered throughout the Great Plains.
North of the international boundary provincial parks provide similar hunting, fishing, and scenic amenities. As might be expected, national forests are also few. Indeed, the presence of any—for example, the McKelvie National Forest in the Nebraska Sandhills, which, after frequent fires, looks more like a savanna than a forest—may well seem like an ecological anomaly. Lacrosse Ojibwa. Sep Ojibwa. Snow Snake Game Iroquois.
Toe Toss Stick Apache. Northwest Coast Play. Outside, hallway, or classroom if room allows: "Players line up behind starting line. The first over the finish line wins; or the one with the best imitation of a bear may win.
Older Children can return to the starting line to make the race longer and more challenging. It also teaches that speed is not always as important as correct play. Hoop and Darts game, interactive. World of the Caddo, interactive. Adventures into the Past, interactive. Match the Dwellings to the First American Group, interactive. Weave a Virtual Wampum Belt, interactive.
Whose Feature Is It? Native Americans in Olden Times for Kids. Early people of North America during the ice age 40, years ago. Come explore the 3 sisters, longhouses, village life, the League of Nations, sacred trees, snowsnake games, wampum, the arrowmaker, dream catchers, night messages, the game of sep and more.
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